Practical

Specimen requirements:

FMV urine, Full vial  frozen

Agre requirements:

Suitable for children over 2 years old.

Methodology:
Urinary organic acids are measured via GCMS, LC/MS/MS and alkaline picrate. Reference ranges are age and gender specific and are based on a questionnaire-qualified healthy cohort. Testing is not performed in patients under 2 years old.

Downloadable research

Noninvasive urinary organic acids test to assess biochemical and nutritional individuality in autistic children

Research:

1. Katuzna-Czaplinska J. Noninvasive urinary organic acids test to assess biochemical and nutritional individuality in autistic children. Clin Biochem. 2011;44(8-9):686-691. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300048
2. Broquist HP, Luhby AL. Detection and isolation of formiminoglutamic acid from urine in folic acid deficiency in humans. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1959;100(2):349-354. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-100-24623
3. Sun A-l, Ni Y-h, Li X-b, et al. Urinary methylmalonic acid as an indicator of early vitamin B12 deficiency and its role in polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2014;2014. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2014/921616/
4. Kwok T, Cheng G, Lai W, Poon P, Woo J, Pang C. Use of fasting urinary methylmalonic acid to screen for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency in older persons. Nutrition. 2004;20(9):764-768.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15325684
5. Brown R, Thornton MJ, Price J. The effect of vitamin supplementation on the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites by pregnant women. J Clin Invest. 1961;40(4):617-623. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC290765/
6. Lykouras L, Markianos M, Hatzimanolis J, Malliaras D, Stefanis C. Association of biogenic amine metabolites with symptomatology in delusional (psychotic) and nondelusional depressed patients. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 1995;19(5):877-887. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8539425
7. Frankenhaeuser M, Lundberg U, Von Wright MR, Von Wright J, Sedvall G. Urinary monoamine metabolites as indices of mental stress in healthy males and females. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1986;24(6):1521-1525. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8539425
8. Mitochondrial Medicine Society's Committee on D, Haas RH, Parikh S, et al. The in-depth evaluation of suspected mitochondrial disease. Mol Genet Metab. 2008;94(1):16-37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810849/
9. Dimmock DP, Lawlor MW. Presentation and Diagnostic Evaluation of Mitochondrial Disease. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017;64(1):161-171. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130109/
10. Wu H, Jiang K, Gu G, Wu Y, Yu S. [The relationship of occupational stress and the level of some hormone metabolites in urine]. Chinese J Indust Hyg Occup Dis. 2014;32(2):83-86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24630003
11. Jeon SW, Kim Y-K. Inflammation-induced depression: Its pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;313:92-98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153615
12. Hryhorczuk LM, Novak EA, Gershon S. Gut flora and urinary phenylacetic acid. Science. 1984;226(4677):996. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/226/4677/996.1
13. Mora Brugues J, Gonzalez Sastre F. Influence of intestinal flora on the elimination of phenylacetic acid in urine. Clinical Chem. 1986;32(1 Pt 1):223. ttps://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-abstract/32/1/223/5652268?redirectedFrom=fulltexth
14. Del Rio D, Stalmach A, Calani L, Crozier A. Bioavailability of Coffee Chlorogenic Acids and Green Tea Flavan-3-ols. Nutrients. 2010;2(8):820. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257704/
15. Pieczenik SR, Neustadt J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease. Exp Mol Path. 2007;83(1):84-92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239370
16. Caito SW, Aschner M. Mitochondrial Redox Dysfunction and Environmental Exposures. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;23(6):578-595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544749/
17. Depeint F, Bruce WR, Shangari N, Mehta R, O'Brien PJ. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 2006;163(1-2):94-112. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765926"
18. Wojtczak L, Slyshenkov VS. Protection by pantothenic acid against apoptosis and cell damage by oxygen free radicals--the role of glutathione. BioFactors. 2003;17(1-4):61-73. https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/biof.5520170107
19. Tsoukalas D, Alegakis A, Fragkiadaki P, et al. Application of metabolomics: Focus on the quantification of organic acids in healthy adults. Int J Mol Med. 2017;40(1):112-120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466383/
20. Astarita G, Langridge J. An emerging role for metabolomics in nutrition science. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenom. 2013;6(4-5):181-200. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/354403"
21. Anderson NM, Mucka P, Kern JG, Feng H. The emerging role and targetability of the TCA cycle in cancer metabolism. Protein Cell. 2017. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13238-017-0451-1
22. Cardaci S, Ciriolo MR. TCA Cycle Defects and Cancer: When Metabolism Tunes Redox State. Int J Cell Biol. 2012;2012:161837. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcb/2012/161837/
23. . Rojczyk-Golebiewska E, Kucharzewski M. Influence of chosen metals on the citric acid cycle. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2013;34(201):175-178. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700830
24. Strydom CRC. The effect of selected metals on the central metabolic pathways in biology: A review. Water SA. 2006. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/5155
25. Nicolson GL. Mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic disease: treatment with natural supplements. Alt Therap Health Med. 2014;20 Suppl 1:18-25. http://www.alternative-therapies.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/Content.Main/id/72/E-pubAheadofPrint